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GNDU Question Paper-2024
B.A 3
rd
Semester
RELIGIOUS STUDIES
(Saami Dharam)
Time Allowed: Three Hours Max. Marks: 100
Note: Attempt Five questions in all, selecting at least One question from each section. The
Fifth question may be attempted from any section. All questions carry equal marks
SECTION-A
1. Give an introduction about 'The Prophets'.
2. Discuss the role of Prophet Moses in Jewish Religion.
SECTION-B
3. Throw a light on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.
4. Write a note on the New Testament.
SECTION-C
5. Write in detail about the life and teaching of Prophet Muhammad Sahib.
6. Write a note on Holy Quran.
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SECTION-D
7. Write a note on Origin of Zoroastrianism.
8. Give an introduction about the Zend Avesta.
GNDU Answer Paper-2024
B.A 3
rd
Semester
RELIGIOUS STUDIES
(Saami Dharam)
Time Allowed: Three Hours Max. Marks: 100
Note: Attempt Five questions in all, selecting at least One question from each section. The
Fifth question may be attempted from any section. All questions carry equal marks
SECTION-A
1. Give an introduction about 'The Prophets'.
Ans: Imagine a world long ago, where people were struggling to understand the mysteries
of life, nature, and the divine. Imagine societies filled with both hope and fear, where
humans longed for guidance, justice, and moral direction. In this world, certain
extraordinary individuals emerged — people who seemed to have a unique connection with
a higher power. These individuals were called prophets. They were not ordinary men and
women; they were voices of conscience, carriers of messages from the divine, and agents of
change who shaped the moral and spiritual life of their communities.
At its heart, “The Prophets” is a term that refers to these messengers, those chosen by a
divine power to communicate guidance, laws, and visions to humanity. Prophets are found
in almost every major religion, each with their distinct roles, but all serving a similar
purpose: to guide, warn, and inspire. Their teachings were often revolutionary because they
challenged existing social norms, corrected moral deviations, and encouraged people to live
in harmony with spiritual and ethical principles.
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1. The Role of Prophets in Human Society
Think of a prophet as a bridge between the human and the divine. While humans live their
daily lives, making mistakes and facing moral dilemmas, prophets appear to illuminate the
path of righteousness. They perform several key functions:
• Guidance: Prophets provide instructions on how to live a morally upright life. Their
messages often include ethical guidelines, spiritual practices, and social laws. For
example, the prophets in the Abrahamic religions provided commandments and
guidance to ensure justice, compassion, and humility.
• Warning and Correction: Often, prophets come during times of crisis, corruption, or
moral decay. They act like societal alarm bells, warning communities against
injustice, greed, and violence. Their role is not just to inspire but also to correct
human behavior.
• Revelation of the Divine Will: Prophets communicate the intentions or desires of
the divine. They help humans understand higher truths, which ordinary people might
not perceive on their own.
• Visionaries for the Future: Many prophets also bring messages about what may
come if societies continue on a particular path. They speak about hope, redemption,
or sometimes punishment, always with the intention of awakening human
consciousness.
2. Characteristics of Prophets
Prophets are not chosen randomly; certain qualities define them. These qualities make
them effective messengers of the divine:
1. Spiritual Insight: Prophets often have an extraordinary ability to perceive spiritual
truths beyond the ordinary human understanding.
2. Moral Integrity: They live exemplary lives, embodying the principles they preach.
3. Courage: Prophets often confront powerful rulers, corrupt systems, and popular
opinion. Their courage allows them to deliver difficult truths without fear.
4. Compassion and Empathy: They care deeply for the people they guide and work to
alleviate suffering.
5. Communication Skills: A prophet must convey complex spiritual truths in a way that
ordinary people can understand, often through stories, parables, or symbolic
actions.
3. Types of Prophets
Not all prophets perform the same function. Scholars often classify prophets into different
types based on their role and style:
• The Social Reformers: These prophets focus on justice, morality, and social welfare.
They challenge social inequality and oppression. Example: Amos in the Hebrew Bible.
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• The Spiritual Guides: They emphasize inner transformation, prayer, and devotion.
Example: Muhammad in Islam and Jesus in Christianity, who focused on personal
faith and spiritual ethics.
• The Apocalyptic Prophets: They warn of catastrophic consequences if humanity
does not change its ways. Example: John the Baptist and Daniel.
• The Visionary Prophets: They provide visions of hope, divine promises, and future
possibilities. Example: Isaiah and Ezekiel.
4. Historical Context and Impact
Throughout history, prophets have emerged in various cultures and religions:
• In Judaism, prophets like Moses, Isaiah, and Jeremiah played central roles in guiding
the Israelites, conveying God’s commandments, and shaping the moral and spiritual
life of the nation.
• In Christianity, prophets are revered both in the Old Testament and as forerunners
of Jesus Christ, who is himself considered a prophet and divine messenger.
• In Islam, Muhammad is considered the "Seal of the Prophets," whose revelations in
the Quran guide the spiritual, moral, and social life of Muslims.
• Even in other traditions, like Hinduism and Zoroastrianism, figures like Vyasa or
Zarathustra performed prophetic roles, revealing cosmic truths and guiding
humanity.
The impact of prophets has been profound. They influenced laws, social reforms, ethical
conduct, literature, and even politics. The messages of prophets often outlast the societies
in which they lived, providing guidance to countless generations long after they passed.
5. The Challenges Prophets Face
Being a prophet is not easy. Often, they are misunderstood, ridiculed, or even persecuted.
Their messages challenge the status quo, which naturally invites resistance. But history
shows that true prophets persist, driven by a mission that transcends personal comfort or
societal approval. Their perseverance makes their teachings enduring and transformative.
6. Prophets as Storytellers
One fascinating aspect of prophets is how they use storytelling. Parables, metaphors, and
symbolic actions make profound truths accessible. Think of a prophet as a teacher who
doesn’t just lecture but tells a story that sticks in your heart. Through narratives, they reveal
moral principles, human failings, and divine intentions in ways that are unforgettable.
7. Why Study Prophets?
Studying prophets is not only a religious exercise but a lesson in ethics, leadership, and
human values. Their lives teach courage, resilience, and moral responsibility. They inspire
people to look beyond immediate concerns and live with a sense of higher purpose. In
modern times, the principles propagated by prophets — compassion, justice, integrity —
remain relevant in guiding social and personal life.
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Diagram: Prophets and Their Roles
Here’s a simple diagram to visualize the concept of prophets:
Conclusion
In essence, the prophets are the guiding lights of humanity. They emerge in times of
darkness, fear, or confusion and illuminate the path with their wisdom, courage, and vision.
Their lives are a blend of spiritual insight, moral authority, and social responsibility. By
studying prophets, we understand more than just religious teachings; we learn about ethics,
leadership, courage, and the timeless pursuit of truth. They remind us that no matter how
chaotic the world may be, there are always voices urging us to live better, act justly, and
strive for a higher purpose.
Prophets are not just historical figures; they are timeless symbols of humanity’s quest for
meaning and moral clarity. Their stories, their struggles, and their messages continue to
resonate, inspiring generations to live with courage, compassion, and conscience.
2. Discuss the role of Prophet Moses in Jewish Religion.
Ans: 󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 Prophet Moses in Jewish Religion: The Story of a Leader, Liberator, and Lawgiver
Imagine a people enslaved for generations, their backs bent under the weight of oppression,
their voices silenced by fear. Then, one man rises among them—not a king with armies, not
a warrior with weapons, but a prophet with faith. He confronts the mightiest empire of his
time, leads his people through deserts and seas, and gives them not just freedom, but a
covenant with God.
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That man is Moses (Moshe in Hebrew)—the central figure in Jewish religion, revered as the
greatest prophet, teacher, and lawgiver. His story is not only the foundation of Judaism but
also a cornerstone of Western religious and moral thought.
Let’s journey through his role in Jewish religion, step by step, as if we are walking alongside
him from the banks of the Nile to Mount Sinai.
󹘊󹘋󹘀󹘁󹘂󹘃󹘄󹘅󹘆󹘇󹘈󹘌󹘍󹘎󹘏󹘉 Early Life: From the Nile to Pharaoh’s Palace
• Moses was born at a time when the Israelites were enslaved in Egypt. Pharaoh,
fearing their growing numbers, ordered that all newborn Hebrew boys be killed.
• His mother, Jochebed, placed him in a basket on the Nile to save him.
• Pharaoh’s daughter found the baby and raised him in the royal palace, giving him an
Egyptian upbringing but Hebrew roots.
Story moment: Imagine the irony—Pharaoh’s own household nurtured the very child who
would one day challenge his throne.
This early life symbolizes Moses’ dual identity: raised among Egyptians but destined to lead
the Israelites.
󹼯󹼰󹼱󹼳󹼲 The Call of God: The Burning Bush
As a young man, Moses fled Egypt after killing an Egyptian overseer who was beating a
Hebrew slave. He settled in Midian, where he lived as a shepherd.
One day, while tending sheep, he encountered a burning bush that was aflame but not
consumed. From it, God spoke:
• God revealed His name as “I Am Who I Am” (Yahweh).
• He commanded Moses to return to Egypt and lead the Israelites to freedom.
Analogy: The burning bush is like a symbol of the Jewish people—tested by fire, yet never
destroyed.
This moment marks Moses’ transformation from fugitive shepherd to chosen prophet.
󷩡󷩟󷩠 Moses the Liberator: The Exodus from Egypt
Moses returned to Egypt and confronted Pharaoh with the famous words: “Let my people
go.”
• When Pharaoh refused, God sent the Ten Plagues upon Egypt.
• Finally, after the death of the firstborns, Pharaoh relented.
• Moses led the Israelites out of Egypt in the event known as the Exodus.
The climax came at the Red Sea:
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• Pharaoh’s army pursued the Israelites.
• Moses stretched out his staff, and the waters parted, allowing the Israelites to cross.
• When the Egyptians followed, the waters closed, drowning them.
Story moment: The crossing of the Red Sea is not just a miracle—it is the defining moment
of Jewish identity, transforming slaves into a free people under God’s protection.
󹶪󹶫󹶬󹶭 Moses the Lawgiver: Mount Sinai and the Torah
After the Exodus, Moses led the Israelites to Mount Sinai, where the most important event
in Jewish religion took place:
• God gave Moses the Ten Commandments on stone tablets.
• These commandments, along with other laws, formed the basis of the Torah (the
first five books of the Hebrew Bible).
• The Torah is the foundation of Jewish law, ethics, and identity.
Moses is thus called the Lawgiver—the one who delivered God’s covenant to the people.
Analogy: Just as a constitution shapes a nation, the Torah given through Moses shaped the
Jewish people into a covenantal community.
󷨶󷨷󷨸󷨿󷨹󷨺󷨻󷨼󷨽󷨾 Moses the Leader in the Wilderness
The journey from Egypt to the Promised Land was not easy. For forty years, Moses led the
Israelites through the desert.
• He provided guidance, settled disputes, and interceded with God when the people
sinned.
• When the Israelites complained of hunger, God sent manna (bread from heaven).
• When they thirsted, Moses struck a rock, and water flowed.
Moses was not just a prophet—he was a shepherd of people, guiding them through trials
and teaching them faith.
󽀼󽀽󽁀󽁁󽀾󽁂󽀿󽁃 Moses as Mediator Between God and People
One of Moses’ most important roles was as a mediator.
• When the Israelites sinned by worshipping the Golden Calf, God’s anger burned.
• Moses pleaded for mercy, even offering to sacrifice himself for his people.
• His intercession saved the Israelites from destruction.
This shows Moses’ role as both leader and servant—standing between God and the people,
carrying their burdens, and ensuring the covenant remained intact.
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󷆳󷆴󷆸󷆵󷆶󷆷 The Final Chapter: Moses’ Death
Moses led the Israelites to the edge of the Promised Land but was not allowed to enter
himself.
• From Mount Nebo, he looked across the Jordan River and saw the land of Canaan.
• There, he died, and God Himself buried him.
• His death marked the end of an era, but his teachings lived on.
Story moment: Moses’ life ends not with personal triumph but with fulfillment of his
mission—delivering his people to the threshold of their destiny.
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 The Role of Moses in Jewish Religion
Now that we’ve walked through his story, let’s summarize his role in Jewish religion:
1. The Greatest Prophet
• Moses is considered the greatest prophet in Judaism.
• The Torah says: “Never again did there arise in Israel a prophet like Moses, whom the
Lord knew face to face.”
2. The Lawgiver
• He delivered the Torah, which is the foundation of Jewish law (Halakha).
• The Ten Commandments remain central to Jewish ethics and worship.
3. The Liberator
• He freed the Israelites from slavery, making him the symbol of liberation and justice.
• The Exodus story is retold every year at Passover (Pesach), keeping his legacy alive.
4. The Teacher (Moshe Rabbeinu)
• In Jewish tradition, Moses is called Moshe Rabbeinu—“Moses our Teacher.”
• He taught not only laws but also faith, perseverance, and humility.
5. The Mediator
• He stood between God and the people, ensuring the covenant was preserved.
• His prayers and intercessions highlight his compassion and leadership.
󼩺󼩻 Comparative Table – Moses’ Roles
Role
Description
Religious Significance
Prophet
Spoke directly with God
Greatest prophet in Judaism
Lawgiver
Delivered Torah and Ten Commandments
Foundation of Jewish law
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Liberator
Led Exodus from Egypt
Symbol of freedom and justice
Teacher
Guided and instructed people
Called “Moses our Teacher”
Mediator
Interceded between God and Israel
Preserved covenant and mercy
󷇮󷇭 Legacy of Moses
The role of Moses extends beyond Judaism:
• In Christianity, he is revered as a prophet and precursor to Jesus.
• In Islam, he is known as Musa, one of the greatest prophets.
• In Western culture, his story has inspired countless works of art, literature, and law.
But in Judaism, his role is unique: he is the prophet who gave the Torah, the liberator who
gave freedom, and the teacher who gave identity.
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘 Conclusion: Moses as the Heart of Jewish Faith
The story of Moses is not just about one man—it is about a people, a covenant, and a faith.
He is the bridge between slavery and freedom, between chaos and law, between God and
humanity.
In Jewish religion, Moses is more than a historical figure—he is the eternal teacher, the
voice of the Torah, and the symbol of liberation. His life reminds us that true leadership is
not about power, but about service; not about glory, but about guiding others toward their
destiny.
So, when Jews recite the Torah, celebrate Passover, or speak of their covenant with God,
they are really continuing the story of Moses—the prophet who turned a group of slaves
into a nation bound by faith, law, and hope.
SECTION-B
3. Throw a light on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.
Ans: The Life and Teachings of Jesus Christ
Imagine a small town in ancient Palestine, over two thousand years ago, where the air is
filled with the smell of olive trees and the soft murmur of people in marketplaces. In this
town of Bethlehem, a child was born who would change the course of history. This child was
Jesus Christ, known to millions around the world as the central figure of Christianity. His life
story is not just about events in history—it’s a story of love, compassion, moral courage, and
spiritual wisdom.
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Early Life
Jesus was born to Mary and Joseph, humble and devout people. According to the Christian
tradition, his birth was extraordinary. Mary conceived Jesus through the Holy Spirit, making
his birth a divine event celebrated worldwide as Christmas. From the beginning, Jesus’ life
was intertwined with spiritual purpose. As a child, he was known for his wisdom and
understanding, even impressing the teachers in the temple in Jerusalem at the age of
twelve.
He grew up in Nazareth, learning the trade of carpentry from Joseph. But what made Jesus
remarkable was not just his knowledge of worldly skills, but his innate moral sense and his
deep connection with God. He spent much of his early life preparing for a mission that
would guide humanity in matters of morality, faith, and spiritual living.
The Beginning of Ministry
When Jesus was about 30 years old, he began his public ministry. He was baptized by John
the Baptist, marking the start of his journey to teach, heal, and spread the message of God’s
love. From this moment, he traveled across towns and villages, often walking long distances,
teaching people simple but profound truths about life, faith, and human conduct.
Jesus’ teachings were revolutionary in a world dominated by rigid social hierarchies and
religious formalities. He spoke in parables—simple, relatable stories that carried deep
spiritual meanings. For example, in the Parable of the Good Samaritan, he taught that true
love and compassion transcend boundaries of race, religion, or social status. This story
remains one of the most powerful lessons about kindness in the world.
Core Teachings
1. Love and Compassion
Jesus emphasized love above all. He said that the greatest commandments were to
love God with all your heart and to love your neighbor as yourself. This simple
principle of universal love challenged the societal norms of his time, which often
focused on ritualistic practices rather than moral deeds.
2. Forgiveness and Mercy
Jesus often preached about forgiveness. He taught that one should forgive others,
even those who have wronged them repeatedly. One of his most famous teachings,
delivered while on the cross, was asking God to forgive those who were crucifying
him. This act of mercy has inspired countless people to practice forgiveness in their
lives.
3. Humility and Service
Unlike many leaders who seek power, Jesus lived a humble life and served others. He
washed the feet of his disciples, demonstrating that true leadership comes through
service and humility, not domination or authority.
4. Faith and Spiritual Devotion
Jesus encouraged his followers to have unwavering faith in God. He stressed that
sincere faith could bring peace, courage, and guidance, even in the most challenging
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situations. He also highlighted the importance of prayer as a means to connect with
God.
5. Ethical Living
Jesus taught the values of honesty, integrity, and moral courage. He condemned
hypocrisy and encouraged people to act in accordance with the principles they
professed. His Sermon on the Mount contains ethical teachings such as the
Beatitudes, which bless the poor in spirit, the meek, and the peacemakers.
Miracles and Healing
Jesus’ life was also marked by acts that inspired awe and faith. He performed miracles to
help those in need and to demonstrate the power of divine love. These miracles included
healing the sick, restoring sight to the blind, feeding thousands with a few loaves and fishes,
and even calming storms. Beyond the literal events, these miracles symbolized hope, faith,
and the transformative power of compassion and selfless action.
Opposition and Crucifixion
Not everyone welcomed Jesus’ teachings. The religious authorities of the time saw him as a
threat because he challenged traditional practices and emphasized inner spirituality over
ritualistic observance. Despite this opposition, Jesus continued to spread his message until
he was betrayed by one of his own disciples, Judas Iscariot.
He was arrested, tried, and sentenced to death by crucifixion—a common method of
execution in those times. Yet, even on the cross, Jesus’ focus remained on love and
forgiveness, leaving a legacy of moral courage and spiritual resilience that resonates to this
day.
Resurrection and Legacy
According to Christian belief, Jesus rose from the dead on the third day after his crucifixion,
an event celebrated as Easter. His resurrection is seen as the ultimate victory of life over
death, good over evil, and hope over despair. After his resurrection, Jesus appeared to his
disciples and instructed them to spread his teachings throughout the world.
Today, Jesus’ life continues to inspire billions. His teachings form the foundation of
Christianity, influencing ethics, culture, art, and social reforms. Beyond religion, his message
of love, compassion, and forgiveness holds universal relevance, transcending boundaries of
faith and geography.
Diagram: Life and Teachings of Jesus Christ
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You can enhance this diagram by adding small icons: a baby for birth, a walking figure for
travels, a cross for crucifixion, and a sun or light symbol for resurrection.
Conclusion
In essence, the story of Jesus Christ is both historical and deeply spiritual. He was not just a
teacher, but a guide whose life exemplified the principles he preached. Love, compassion,
forgiveness, humility, and moral courage are not just ideals but practical ways of living that
Jesus demonstrated in his everyday life. His story reminds us that true greatness is
measured not by power or wealth, but by the ability to transform lives through love and
selfless action.
By studying Jesus’ life and teachings, we not only gain insight into a pivotal historical figure
but also learn timeless lessons that can shape our character, inspire our actions, and
encourage us to build a more compassionate world. Every story, parable, and act of Jesus
holds meaning, waiting to guide those who are willing to listen and practice the values he
stood for.
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4. Write a note on the New Testament.
Ans: 󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘 The New Testament: A Story of Faith, Hope, and Transformation
Imagine walking into a great library. On one side, you see the shelves of the Hebrew Bible
(the Old Testament), filled with stories of creation, prophets, kings, and covenants. On the
other side, you find a new section—slimmer, but glowing with a different kind of light. This
is the New Testament, a collection of writings that tell the story of Jesus Christ and the birth
of Christianity.
The New Testament is not just a religious text—it is a tapestry of history, biography, letters,
and visions. It is the foundation of Christian belief and practice, and it has influenced art,
literature, law, and culture for nearly two thousand years.
Let’s step into this library and explore the New Testament as if we are reading it for the first
time.
󷊆󷊇 What is the New Testament?
The New Testament is the second part of the Christian Bible, following the Old Testament.
• It contains 27 books, written in Greek between the 1st and early 2nd centuries CE.
• These books include Gospels, Acts, Epistles (letters), and Revelation.
• The central figure is Jesus Christ—his life, teachings, death, and resurrection.
• It also records the growth of the early Christian community and its struggles, hopes,
and faith.
Analogy: If the Old Testament is the story of God’s covenant with Israel, the New Testament
is the story of God’s new covenant with humanity through Jesus.
󽆪󽆫󽆬 Structure of the New Testament
The New Testament is like a four-act play, each section adding depth to the story.
1. The Gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke, John)
• These are four portraits of Jesus’ life and teachings.
• Matthew: Emphasizes Jesus as the fulfillment of Jewish prophecy.
• Mark: The earliest Gospel, fast-paced and dramatic.
• Luke: Highlights compassion, parables, and concern for the poor.
• John: More spiritual and theological, presenting Jesus as the eternal Word of God.
Story moment: Imagine four artists painting the same person from different angles. Each
Gospel gives us a unique perspective, but together they form a complete picture of Jesus.
2. The Acts of the Apostles
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• Written by Luke as a sequel to his Gospel.
• Describes the spread of Christianity after Jesus’ resurrection.
• Focuses on the work of Peter and Paul.
• Shows how a small group of disciples grew into a worldwide movement.
Analogy: Acts is like the “history book” of the early Church, showing how faith moved from
Jerusalem to Rome.
3. The Epistles (Letters)
• 21 letters written by apostles, especially Paul, to various churches and individuals.
• They address issues of faith, morality, community disputes, and encouragement.
• Examples:
o Romans: Explains salvation by faith.
o Corinthians: Deals with church divisions and ethics.
o Galatians: Defends freedom in Christ.
o Philippians: A letter of joy and encouragement.
Story moment: Imagine a teacher writing letters to students scattered across cities, guiding
them, correcting them, and inspiring them. That’s what the Epistles are—personal, practical,
and deeply spiritual.
4. The Book of Revelation
• A visionary and symbolic book written by John.
• Filled with images of beasts, angels, battles, and a new heaven and earth.
• Offers hope to persecuted Christians, assuring them that God’s victory is certain.
Analogy: Revelation is like a dramatic finale to the play—full of mystery, warning, and
ultimate hope.
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 Themes of the New Testament
The New Testament is not just about events—it is about ideas and values that shaped a
faith.
1. The Life and Teachings of Jesus
o Love, forgiveness, humility, and service.
o The Sermon on the Mount (Matthew 5–7) is a cornerstone of Christian ethics.
2. The Death and Resurrection of Jesus
o Central to Christian belief: Jesus’ sacrifice brings salvation.
o Resurrection symbolizes victory over sin and death.
3. Faith and Grace
o Salvation is a gift of God, not earned by works alone.
o Paul emphasizes this in his letters.
4. Community and Church
o Early Christians formed communities of sharing, prayer, and fellowship.
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o The Church became the “Body of Christ.”
5. Hope and Eternal Life
o Belief in the Kingdom of God and eternal life with God.
o Revelation assures believers of ultimate justice and peace.
󼩺󼩻 The Role of the New Testament in Jewish-Christian Continuity
The New Testament does not erase the Old—it builds upon it.
• Jesus is presented as the fulfillment of Jewish prophecies.
• The covenant with Israel is extended into a new covenant with all humanity.
• Many images, symbols, and laws of the Old Testament are reinterpreted in light of
Jesus’ life.
Story moment: Think of the Old Testament as the roots of a tree and the New Testament as
its branches. The branches cannot exist without the roots, but together they form a living
tree.
󷇮󷇭 Influence of the New Testament
The New Testament is not just a religious text—it has shaped world history.
• Religion: It is the foundation of Christian faith, worship, and theology.
• Ethics: Teachings like “Love your neighbor as yourself” influenced moral thought.
• Law and Politics: Concepts of justice, equality, and human dignity trace roots here.
• Art and Literature: From Michelangelo’s paintings to Dante’s poetry, the New
Testament inspired masterpieces.
• Culture: Festivals like Christmas and Easter are rooted in New Testament events.
󽀼󽀽󽁀󽁁󽀾󽁂󽀿󽁃 Criticism and Interpretation
Over centuries, scholars and believers have debated:
• How literally should the texts be read?
• How do we understand miracles and visions?
• How do we apply ancient teachings in modern times?
Despite debates, the New Testament remains a living text, studied, preached, and practiced
daily.
󼪍󼪎󼪏󼪐󼪑󼪒󼪓 Summary Table – Structure of the New Testament
Section
Books
Focus
Gospels
Matthew, Mark, Luke, John
Life and teachings of Jesus
Acts
Acts of the Apostles
Growth of early Church
Epistles
21 letters (Pauline & General)
Guidance, theology, encouragement
Revelation
1 book
Vision of hope and final victory
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󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘 Conclusion: The Living Word
The New Testament is more than a collection of ancient writings—it is a story of
transformation. It begins with a baby born in Bethlehem and ends with a vision of a new
heaven and earth. Along the way, it tells of fishermen turned apostles, persecuted
communities turned into a global faith, and a crucified teacher who became the cornerstone
of hope.
For Jews, Christians, and the wider world, the New Testament is a reminder that faith can
move mountains, that love is stronger than hate, and that hope can outlast suffering.
So, when we read the New Testament, we are not just reading history—we are entering a
story that continues to shape lives, cultures, and civilizations. It is the story of God’s love,
written not only on parchment but also on the hearts of millions across centuries.
SECTION-C
5. Write in detail about the life and teaching of Prophet Muhammad Sahib.
Ans: Life and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (Sahib)
Imagine a desert land, vast and harsh, yet alive with stories of people, trade, and tribes. This
is the Arabian Peninsula of the 6th century, a place where survival was tough, yet human
connections, family bonds, and spirituality formed the backbone of society. It was here, in
the bustling city of Mecca, around the year 570 CE, that a remarkable child was born,
destined to change the world forever. This child was Muhammad ibn Abdullah, who would
later be revered as Prophet Muhammad (Sahib), the final messenger in Islam.
Early Life
Muhammad’s early life was marked by simplicity and trials. He was born into the Quraysh
tribe, one of the most respected tribes of Mecca, known for their role as custodians of the
Kaaba, a sacred sanctuary. Sadly, his father, Abdullah, died before Muhammad was born,
and his mother, Amina, passed away when he was only six years old. Orphaned at such a
tender age, young Muhammad was placed under the care of his grandfather, Abdul
Muttalib, and later his uncle, Abu Talib.
Despite these hardships, Muhammad grew up with a reputation for honesty,
trustworthiness, and kindness. People in Mecca began to call him Al-Amin, meaning “the
trustworthy one.” He loved simplicity, cared deeply for others, and often spent time in
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contemplation and reflection, especially in the nearby cave of Hira, a serene place away
from the city’s noise.
Marriage and Early Adulthood
At the age of 25, Muhammad worked as a merchant and earned respect for his integrity in
trade. He married Khadijah, a wealthy and compassionate businesswoman. Their marriage
was a loving and supportive partnership that provided Muhammad the stability to focus on
spiritual reflection. Khadijah was the first person to believe in his divine mission, standing by
him during the earliest, challenging days of his prophethood.
Prophethood and Revelation
At age 40, a pivotal moment occurred. While meditating in the cave of Hira, Muhammad
received his first revelation from Angel Jibreel (Gabriel). The angel conveyed the word of
Allah (God), beginning the chain of revelations that would eventually form the Quran,
Islam’s holy book. These revelations continued for 23 years, guiding humanity toward faith,
morality, justice, and compassion.
Muhammad’s message was simple but profound:
1. Belief in One God: There is no deity but Allah.
2. Compassion and Justice: Treat others with fairness and kindness.
3. Honesty and Integrity: Be truthful and trustworthy in all dealings.
4. Social Responsibility: Care for the poor, orphaned, and marginalized.
5. Peaceful Living: Promote harmony and resolve conflicts without oppression.
Challenges and Opposition
Not everyone in Mecca welcomed Muhammad’s message. The Quraysh leaders, threatened
by his teachings against idolatry and social injustice, opposed him. Muhammad and his
followers faced persecution, boycott, and even physical harm. Despite this, he remained
patient, forgiving, and steadfast, demonstrating the principle of perseverance in the face of
adversity.
Migration to Medina (Hijrah)
In 622 CE, to escape growing hostility, Muhammad and his followers migrated to Medina,
an event known as the Hijrah. This migration was a turning point in Islamic history, marking
the beginning of the Islamic calendar. In Medina, Muhammad not only served as a spiritual
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leader but also as a statesman, judge, and community organizer. He established the
Constitution of Medina, promoting cooperation between Muslims, Jews, and other tribes,
emphasizing unity, justice, and mutual respect.
Later Life and Legacy
Muhammad continued to teach and guide his community until his death in 632 CE at the
age of 63. His life was a living example of moral excellence. He emphasized mercy, humility,
and service to others, leaving a legacy that inspired millions across the globe.
Teachings of Prophet Muhammad
The teachings of Prophet Muhammad are timeless, blending spiritual guidance with
practical wisdom for everyday life:
1. Faith and Worship: Muslims are guided to pray, fast, give charity, and follow the
principles of Islam sincerely.
2. Ethics and Morality: Honesty, kindness, patience, and humility are core virtues.
3. Social Justice: Equality, support for the poor, orphans, and vulnerable people.
4. Education and Knowledge: Pursue knowledge, as learning is considered an act of
worship.
5. Peace and Tolerance: Resolve conflicts peacefully and respect people of all faiths.
6. Health and Cleanliness: Hygiene, diet, and moderation are emphasized for physical
and spiritual well-being.
Humanized Lessons
Muhammad’s life was not just a historical account but a story of humanity at its best:
• Resilience: Even as an orphan, he rose to guide nations.
• Empathy: He cared for the poor, the weak, and the oppressed.
• Wisdom: Balanced faith with practical life solutions.
• Forgiveness: Forgave his enemies, showing the power of mercy.
• Leadership: Inspired people not through force, but through example.
These lessons remain relevant today, teaching us to lead lives of integrity, compassion, and
purpose.
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Diagram: Life Journey of Prophet Muhammad
Conclusion
The story of Prophet Muhammad is one of courage, moral integrity, and transformative
vision. His life illustrates how faith, patience, and compassion can overcome adversity and
create a lasting impact on society. He was not only a prophet but also a teacher, a leader, a
reformer, and an embodiment of ethical excellence. His teachings continue to guide
millions, shaping a world grounded in justice, kindness, and spiritual consciousness.
6. Write a note on Holy Quran.
Ans: 󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘 The Holy Quran: A Living Book of Guidance
Imagine a desert night in 7th-century Arabia. The world is quiet, the stars shine brightly, and
a man named Muhammad retreats to a cave on Mount Hira to meditate. Suddenly, the
silence is broken by a voice—clear, commanding, and divine. The angel Gabriel appears and
speaks the first words of revelation:
“Read, in the name of your Lord who created…”
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This moment marks the beginning of the Holy Quran, the sacred scripture of Islam. For
Muslims, the Quran is not just a book—it is the eternal word of God, revealed to Prophet
Muhammad over 23 years. It is a guide for life, a source of law, a fountain of spirituality, and
a masterpiece of language.
Let’s walk through its story, structure, themes, and role in human life, so that its significance
becomes clear and engaging.
󷊆󷊇 What is the Holy Quran?
The word “Quran” comes from the Arabic root qara’a, meaning “to read” or “to recite.”
• It is the holy scripture of Islam, believed by Muslims to be the literal word of God
(Allah).
• Revealed in Arabic to Prophet Muhammad between 610 and 632 CE.
• Consists of 114 chapters (surahs) and over 6,000 verses (ayahs).
• Covers themes of faith, morality, law, guidance, and spirituality.
Analogy: If life is a journey, the Quran is like a compass—always pointing toward truth,
justice, and God.
󹶪󹶫󹶬󹶭 The Revelation of the Quran
The Quran was revealed gradually, not all at once.
• First Revelation: In the cave of Hira, near Mecca, in 610 CE.
• Process: The angel Gabriel conveyed God’s words to Muhammad, who memorized
them and recited them to his followers.
• Duration: The revelations continued for 23 years, addressing different situations—
peace, war, migration, community building.
• Compilation: After Muhammad’s death, his companions collected the revelations
into a single book, ensuring accuracy and preservation.
Story moment: Imagine a community where people memorized every word, recited it daily,
and wrote it down on parchment, bones, and leaves. This devotion ensured that the Quran
was preserved without alteration.
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘 Structure of the Quran
The Quran is unique in its structure:
• 114 Surahs (Chapters): Vary in length—from a few verses to several pages.
• Ayahs (Verses): Each surah is made up of verses, often rhythmic and poetic.
• Meccan and Medinan Surahs:
o Meccan surahs (earlier) focus on faith, morality, and the oneness of God.
o Medinan surahs (later) focus on laws, community life, and governance.
• Language: Classical Arabic, considered the highest form of eloquence.
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Analogy: Think of the Quran as a symphony—sometimes soft and reflective, sometimes
powerful and commanding, but always harmonious.
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 Major Themes of the Quran
The Quran is not arranged like a history book or a novel. Instead, it weaves together themes
that guide human life.
1. Oneness of God (Tawhid)
• Central message: There is only one God, eternal and merciful.
• Rejects idolatry and polytheism.
2. Prophethood
• Narratives of earlier prophets: Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus.
• Muhammad is the final prophet, the “Seal of the Prophets.”
3. Guidance for Life
• Teaches values like honesty, justice, charity, patience, and forgiveness.
• Provides laws on family, inheritance, trade, and social justice.
4. Hereafter (Akhirah)
• Describes life after death, resurrection, heaven, and hell.
• Emphasizes accountability for one’s deeds.
5. Community and Justice
• Encourages care for the poor, orphans, and needy.
• Condemns oppression, corruption, and injustice.
Story moment: When the Quran speaks of justice, it says: “Stand firmly for justice, even if it
is against yourselves or your parents and relatives.” This shows its uncompromising moral
vision.
󹼯󹼰󹼱󹼳󹼲 The Quran as a Spiritual Guide
For Muslims, the Quran is not just read—it is lived.
• Daily Recitation: Muslims recite verses in their prayers five times a day.
• Memorization: Many Muslims memorize the entire Quran, becoming hafiz.
• Spiritual Comfort: Verses are recited in times of joy, sorrow, illness, and celebration.
• Moral Compass: It guides decisions, relationships, and ethics.
Analogy: Just as a lamp lights a dark room, the Quran lights the path of life.
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󷙣󷙤󷙥 The Beauty of Quranic Language
The Quran is also admired for its literary beauty.
• Its Arabic is considered unmatched in eloquence and rhythm.
• Verses often rhyme, flow musically, and carry deep meaning.
• Even non-Muslims have praised its style as a masterpiece of world literature.
Story moment: In 7th-century Arabia, poetry was highly valued. When people heard the
Quran, they were astonished—it was unlike any poetry or prose they knew. Many embraced
Islam simply by hearing its recitation.
󽀼󽀽󽁀󽁁󽀾󽁂󽀿󽁃 The Quran and Law
The Quran is also a source of Sharia (Islamic law).
• Provides principles of justice, fairness, and equality.
• Covers areas like marriage, inheritance, contracts, and crime.
• Always emphasizes mercy and compassion alongside justice.
󷇮󷇭 The Quran and Humanity
The Quran speaks not only to Muslims but to all humanity.
• Calls people to reflect on nature, the universe, and their own souls.
• Promotes peace, compassion, and respect for diversity.
• Declares: “We created you into nations and tribes so that you may know one
another.”
This universal message makes the Quran relevant beyond religion—it speaks to the human
condition.
󼩺󼩻 Comparative Table – Key Features of the Quran
Aspect
Meaning of
“Quran”
Language
Chapters
Verses
Themes
Role
Preservation
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 Influence of the Quran
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The Quran has shaped not only religion but also culture and civilization.
• Religion: Foundation of Islamic faith and practice.
• Law: Basis of Islamic jurisprudence.
• Language: Preserved and elevated Arabic.
• Art: Inspired calligraphy, architecture, and literature.
• Society: Promoted education, charity, and justice.
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘 Conclusion: The Living Word
The Holy Quran is not just a book of the past—it is a living guide for millions today. It tells
the story of God’s message to humanity, revealed through Prophet Muhammad, preserved
with devotion, and recited with love.
It is at once a book of faith, a manual of life, a source of law, and a masterpiece of
language. For Muslims, it is the ultimate authority and the deepest comfort.
So, when we speak of the Quran, we are not just speaking of ink on paper. We are speaking
of a voice that began in a cave in Arabia and still echoes in the hearts of believers across the
world. It is the voice of guidance, mercy, and hope—the eternal word of God.
SECTION-D
7. Write a note on Origin of Zoroastrianism.
Ans: The Origin of Zoroastrianism
Imagine traveling back in time, over 3,000 years ago, to the vast and ancient lands of Persia
(modern-day Iran). The land is dotted with fertile valleys and rugged mountains, where early
communities lived, farmed, and worshipped nature. Amidst this backdrop, a transformative
religious and philosophical journey began—a journey that would give rise to one of the
world’s oldest monotheistic religions: Zoroastrianism.
The Historical Context
The story of Zoroastrianism is intricately tied to the life of a single visionary: Zarathustra,
also known by the Greek form of his name, Zoroaster. Scholars estimate that he lived
sometime between 1500 BCE and 1000 BCE, though some suggest earlier or later dates. He
was born in northeastern Iran, likely in a region known as Airyanem Vaejah, into a society
that was deeply polytheistic and ritualistic. The early Persians worshipped many gods and
natural forces, including sun, moon, fire, rivers, and other elements of nature. Religious
practice often involved elaborate sacrifices, rituals, and appeasement of deities to gain
protection and favor.
Zarathustra, however, felt a deep dissatisfaction with these complex ritualistic practices. He
observed the human tendency toward greed, deceit, and moral weakness and sought a
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purer path—a faith that emphasized ethical living and a direct relationship between
humans and the divine.
Zarathustra’s Revelation
According to Zoroastrian tradition, Zarathustra received a divine revelation at the age of 30.
While in meditation, he encountered Ahura Mazda, the supreme god, who revealed to him
the principles of truth, righteousness, and cosmic order. Zarathustra was inspired to teach
people about good thoughts, good words, and good deeds—the cornerstone of Zoroastrian
ethical living.
The religion that emerged from Zarathustra’s teachings emphasized:
1. Monotheism: Worship of Ahura Mazda as the supreme, omniscient, and benevolent
god.
2. Dualism in Cosmic Struggle: Recognition of the constant battle between Asha (truth,
order) and Druj (falsehood, chaos). Humans have a role in this cosmic struggle by
choosing righteousness over evil.
3. Moral Responsibility: Humans are morally responsible for their actions and have
free will to choose between right and wrong.
4. Eschatology: Belief in life after death, judgment, heaven, and hell, which were
revolutionary ideas at the time.
This combination of ethical monotheism and cosmic dualism made Zoroastrianism unique
in the ancient world. Unlike many contemporary faiths, it placed moral responsibility and
conscious choice at the center of human life.
Spread and Influence
After receiving his revelation, Zarathustra faced considerable resistance. His ideas were
radical for the time, challenging the established polytheistic traditions and priestly
authorities. Nevertheless, his teachings gradually found followers, especially among the
Persian nobility. By around the 6th century BCE, during the reign of King Darius I of the
Achaemenid Empire, Zoroastrianism became the state religion of Persia.
Zoroastrianism influenced not only Persian society but also the administration, culture, and
legal systems of the empire. The emphasis on truthfulness, justice, and social responsibility
was reflected in Persian governance, particularly in the way kings were expected to rule
justly and protect their subjects.
Furthermore, Zoroastrian ideas on dualism, heaven and hell, and ethical responsibility
influenced other major religions, including Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, especially
during the periods of Persian conquests and cultural exchanges. Some scholars even suggest
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that concepts like the final judgment, resurrection, and Satan may have roots in Zoroastrian
theology.
Core Beliefs and Practices
Zoroastrianism, while spiritual, also emphasized practical life and community ethics. Its main
components include:
1. Ahura Mazda as the Supreme Being: God is eternal, wise, and all-good.
2. Fire Worship: Fire is considered a symbol of divine light and truth. Temples maintain
eternal flames to represent purity and the divine presence.
3. Ethical Life: The maxim “Good Thoughts, Good Words, Good Deeds” guides human
conduct.
4. Purity Laws: Emphasis on cleanliness, ritual purity, and respect for nature.
5. Festivals and Rituals: Celebrations like Nowruz (Persian New Year) mark seasonal
changes and emphasize family, community, and spiritual renewal.
Decline and Diaspora
The fall of the Persian Empire and subsequent Arab conquests in the 7th century CE led to
the gradual decline of Zoroastrianism in its homeland. Many Zoroastrians migrated to India,
where they became known as Parsis. Despite being a minority, they preserved their faith,
rituals, and cultural identity, which continues to this day, especially in Mumbai and Gujarat.
The Legacy of Zoroastrianism
Zoroastrianism’s origin is not just a story of a religion but a story of ethical awakening and
moral guidance in the ancient world. It pioneered concepts like free will, accountability, and
the eternal struggle between good and evil, leaving an indelible mark on philosophy and
religion across continents.
Even today, the Zoroastrian principle of “Humata, Hukhta, Hvarshta” (Good Thoughts,
Good Words, Good Deeds) resonates as a timeless moral guide, reminding humanity of its
potential to choose righteousness over chaos.
Diagram: Origin and Core Structure of Zoroastrianism
Here’s a simple diagram to illustrate the origin and key elements:
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In Short
Zoroastrianism began as the visionary teachings of Zarathustra in ancient Persia,
emphasizing one supreme God, the struggle between good and evil, and the importance of
moral choice. It shaped Persian culture, influenced other major religions, and continues to
survive through the Parsis in India. Its story is a beautiful tapestry of spiritual awakening,
ethical guidance, and cultural endurance—a story that shows how one man’s vision can
change the spiritual course of an entire civilization.
8. Give an introduction about the Zend Avesta.
Ans: 󹻦󹻧 The Zend Avesta: Voice of an Ancient Faith
Picture yourself thousands of years ago, in the vast landscapes of ancient Persia. The air is
filled with the fragrance of burning sacred fire, priests chant hymns in a language that
sounds both mysterious and powerful, and people gather to hear words that connect them
to the divine. Those words, preserved across centuries, form the Zend Avesta—the holy
scripture of Zoroastrianism, one of the world’s oldest religions.
The Zend Avesta is not just a book; it is a living memory of faith, a bridge between humanity
and the divine, and a guide for moral life. To understand it is to step into the heart of
Zoroastrian tradition, where the eternal struggle between good and evil is described, and
where human beings are called to choose righteousness.
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󷊆󷊇 What is the Zend Avesta?
The Zend Avesta is the sacred scripture of Zoroastrianism, the religion founded by the
prophet Zarathustra (Zoroaster) in ancient Persia, around the 2nd millennium BCE (though
scholars debate the exact date).
• The word “Avesta” refers to the collection of sacred texts.
• The word “Zend” means “commentary” or “interpretation.”
• Together, Zend Avesta means the text of the Avesta along with its explanations.
So, when people say “Zend Avesta,” they are often referring to the Avesta itself, sometimes
with its traditional commentaries.
󹶪󹶫󹶬󹶭 The Story of Its Preservation
The Avesta has a dramatic history.
• Originally, it is believed to have been a vast collection of texts, possibly 21 volumes.
• Much of it was lost during invasions and wars, especially when Alexander the Great
conquered Persia.
• What survives today is only a fraction of the original, but it still carries the essence of
Zoroastrian faith.
Story moment: Imagine a library of wisdom scattered by fire and war, yet fragments survive,
carried in the hearts and memories of priests, later written down again. That is the story of
the Avesta’s survival.
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘 Structure of the Zend Avesta
The Avesta is not one single book but a collection of texts, each with its own purpose.
1. The Yasna
• The central liturgical text, used in rituals.
• Contains the Gathas—17 hymns believed to be composed by Zarathustra himself.
• The Gathas are the oldest and most sacred part, poetic and philosophical, focusing
on truth, righteousness, and devotion to Ahura Mazda (the supreme God).
2. The Visperad
• A supplement to the Yasna.
• Includes additional invocations and prayers used in ceremonies.
3. The Vendidad (Videvdat)
• A collection of laws, myths, and purity rules.
• Deals with the struggle against evil (druj) and prescribes rituals for purification.
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• Contains stories of creation, the first man (Yima), and the cosmic battle between
good and evil.
4. The Yashts
• Hymns dedicated to various divine beings (yazatas).
• Each Yasht praises a particular deity, like Mithra (god of covenant) or Anahita
(goddess of waters).
5. The Khordeh Avesta
• The “Little Avesta,” a collection of daily prayers for ordinary believers.
• Still widely used by Zoroastrians today.
Analogy: Think of the Avesta as a library: the Yasna is the main hall, the Gathas are the
oldest manuscripts, the Vendidad is the law section, the Yashts are like poetry collections,
and the Khordeh Avesta is the pocket prayer book.
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 Central Teachings in the Zend Avesta
The Avesta is not just ritual—it carries profound spiritual and ethical teachings.
1. Ahura Mazda: The Supreme God
• The Avesta proclaims belief in Ahura Mazda, the Wise Lord, creator of the world.
• He represents truth, light, and goodness.
2. Dualism: The Battle of Good and Evil
• The world is a battleground between Spenta Mainyu (the Holy Spirit) and Angra
Mainyu (Ahriman), the spirit of evil.
• Humans are free to choose between good (asha) and evil (druj).
3. Moral Choice and Responsibility
• Every person’s actions matter.
• Choosing truth, kindness, and righteousness strengthens the side of good.
4. Purity and Ritual
• The Avesta emphasizes purity—of body, mind, and environment.
• Fire, water, and earth are sacred elements to be protected.
5. Afterlife and Judgment
• The Avesta describes the Chinvat Bridge, where souls are judged after death.
• The righteous cross safely into paradise; the wicked fall into darkness.
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Story moment: Imagine life as a journey across a bridge. Every good deed makes the bridge
wider and safer; every evil deed makes it narrow and dangerous. That is the Avesta’s vision
of moral responsibility.
󹼯󹼰󹼱󹼳󹼲 The Gathas: Heart of the Avesta
The Gathas, composed by Zarathustra himself, are the most poetic and philosophical part.
• They are hymns of prayer, reflection, and dialogue with God.
• They emphasize truth, justice, and devotion.
• They show Zarathustra as a prophet deeply concerned with human suffering and the
triumph of good.
Analogy: If the Avesta is a tree, the Gathas are its roots—ancient, nourishing, and essential.
󷇮󷇭 Influence of the Zend Avesta
The Avesta has had a profound influence, not only on Zoroastrianism but also on world
religions and cultures.
• Judaism, Christianity, and Islam: Concepts like heaven, hell, angels, demons, and the
final judgment show parallels with Zoroastrian teachings.
• Persian Culture: The Avesta shaped Persian festivals like Nowruz (New Year) and
rituals of fire temples.
• Ethics: The famous Zoroastrian motto—“Good Thoughts, Good Words, Good
Deeds”—comes from the Avesta and remains a universal moral principle.
󼩺󼩻 Comparative Table – Key Parts of the Avesta
Section
Content
Purpose
Yasna
Ritual text, includes Gathas
Central worship
Visperad
Supplementary prayers
Ceremonial use
Vendidad
Laws, myths, purity rules
Moral and ritual guidance
Yashts
Hymns to divine beings
Praise and devotion
Khordeh Avesta
Short prayers
Daily use by believers
󽀼󽀽󽁀󽁁󽀾󽁂󽀿󽁃 The Zend Avesta in Daily Life
For Zoroastrians, the Avesta is not just ancient scripture—it is part of daily living.
• Prayers from the Khordeh Avesta are recited morning and evening.
• Fire temples use the Yasna in rituals.
• Festivals like Nowruz are celebrated with Avesta recitations.
• Ethical teachings guide personal and community life.
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘 Conclusion: The Eternal Flame of Wisdom
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The Zend Avesta is more than a relic of the past—it is a living flame of wisdom. It tells the
story of a prophet who called people to truth and righteousness, of a God who is wise and
just, and of a world where every human choice matters in the cosmic struggle between
good and evil.
Though much of it was lost, what remains continues to inspire. Its hymns still echo in fire
temples, its prayers still guide believers, and its vision of moral responsibility still speaks to
humanity.
So, when we speak of the Zend Avesta, we are not just speaking of an old book. We are
speaking of a voice that has traveled across millennia, reminding us that life is sacred,
choices matter, and goodness is worth fighting for.
“This paper has been carefully prepared for educational purposes. If you notice any mistakes or
have suggestions, feel free to share your feedback.”